Hygiene Tribune U.S. No. 3, 2011
Nursing association - ADA pursue oral health awareness campaign / The evolution of the toothbrush / A great opportunity for all
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HYGIENE TRIBUNE
The World’s Dental Hygiene Newspaper · U.S. Edition
March 2011
www.dental-tribune.com
Vol. 4, No. 3
The evolution of the toothbrush
By Emily Sutter, RDH, BS
The toothbrush is an essential tool
that is used for the care of our teeth.
Have you ever missed brushing your
teeth for one day? Have you ever considered what it would be like without
the toothbrush?
Like many common household
items, we give little thought about
the origins or the trials and tribulations these products went through
to arrive at their modern form. The
toothbrush is no exception.
There is no single person credited as being the sole inventor of the
toothbrush. Actually, the toothbrush
evolved over time and mainly out of
necessity.
Traces of the first toothbrush can
be dated back as early as 3500 B.C.E.
(before common era) and were
thought to be used by the Egyptians
and Babylonians. This piece of toothbrush history proves that this device
is one of the oldest still used by man.
The primitive form of the toothbrush
was found in the pyramids of the
Egyptians.
These ancient civilizations used
a “chew stick” to clean their teeth.
This consisted of chewing on one
end of the stick until the fibers of
(Photo/www.dreamstime.com)
the wood formed a brush. These
chewing sticks were made out of
Salvadora persica branches, which
were believed to have healing and
antiseptic qualities.
The Chinese are credited with
inventing the first bristle toothbrush,
similar to the type used today. In
the late 15th century, the Chinese
took the hairs of Siberian wild boar
and manipulated them onto bamboo sticks, one of the most common
plants from that region. These bamboo sticks were then used just like a
modern manual toothbrush to clean
the teeth.
Eventually, the Chinese version
of the toothbrush made its way to
Europe. One of the biggest downsides to using the Siberian wild boar
hair was the fact that it was very
rough on the gums. Because of this,
some people began to use the hair
found on the back of horses to create
the bristles on their brushes because
this was gentler on their gums and
teeth. Despite the added softness of
the horsehair bristles, the boar-hair
sticks were more commonly used
because horses were too valuable to
Europeans during this era.
An alternative method Europeans
used to clean their teeth was known
as the Greek way. It consisted of rub-
A Parisian woman in 1899 brushing her teeth in the morning.
(Photo/PD-GermanGov, a public
domain image from Germany)
bing ones teeth with a linen cloth
or sponge dipped in sulfur oils and
salt solutions. Sometimes these cloths
were attached to a stick to help reach
posterior teeth.
One could argue that the teeth
were being mopped rather than
being brushed. Essentially, during
this era most Europeans still did not
brush their teeth.
g HT page 3D
Nursing association, ADA pursue
oral health awareness campaign
The National Association of
School Nurses (NASN) and the
American Dental Association (ADA)
have teamed up to support school
nurses in their efforts to promote
awareness of oral health in schools.
The 2011 campaign, Empowering School Nurses to Change Oral
Health Perceptions, is funded by a
$160,000 grant to NASN from the
DentaQuest Foundation.
The campaign, which will be
primarily web-based and free to
the public, will be launched this
summer.
The goal of this initiative is to
provide school nurses with oral
health resources and messages that
can be distributed for use in classrooms and health offices.
“School nurses work to ensure
that students are healthy and ready
to learn. Since 98 percent of children spend their days in school,
addressing oral health through the
school nurse makes sense,” said
Amy Garcia, executive director of
NASN.
The campaign will complement ADA’s existing efforts to raise
awareness of the importance of oral
health in communities across the
country.
Each February, ADA reaches millions through its National
Children’s Dental Health Month
(NCDHM). NASN will work with
ADA to help distribute NCDHM
materials and to develop new materials as needed.
A needs assessment of school
nurses will be conducted in February to help NASN and ADA determine the resources that will be
most beneficial in schools.
Another goal of the program will
g HT page 2D
[2] =>
2D
Editor’s Corner
Hygiene Tribune | March 2011
A great opportunity for all HYGIENE TRIBUNE
The World’s Dental Hygiene Newspaper · U. S. Edition
Clinical hygienists utilize a variety
of products every day in the operatory.
Clinicians need products to accomplish their jobs. It is taken for granted
that products will be available and will
perform the way they are intended to.
Recently I was afforded the opportunity to tour the corporate headquarters and manufacturing plant of Sunstar Americas, located in Chicago. In
addition to the tour, six dental hygiene
students from Japan interviewed me.
These students were brought to the
United States to learn about product
manufacturing and dental hygiene in
the United States.
The time I spent at Sunstar Americas was eye opening and educational.
Seeing how its products are made
gave me a new appreciation for toothbrushes and interdental cleaners! It
was amazing to see how much technology and how many people are necessary to make these products.
While I am treating patients, there
are people hard at work, making sure
the products I need are available, and
they are making sure the product will
do what my patients and I need it to
do. I will never look at a toothbrush
the same.
After our tour, the Japanese students delivered a short presentation
to me explaining where they lived
and they shared a bit about their
communities. We spent two hours
talking with each other after their
presentations. They asked me questions about my dental hygiene career.
They were very interested to learn
there are some similarities as well as
some differences between hygiene in
our respective countries.
This experience made a great
impact on me. I encourage our readers to look closely at the products you
use in your clinical practice. Find out
where they are manufactured. You
may be surprised to learn the location is close to you.
Contact the companies and ask
if they offer tours to professional
product users. This is a great way to
spend an afternoon off and a great
team-building activity. Consider taking your team to see how other teams
operate and learn how your favorite
products come to be.
If there are no companies close to
your location, consider visiting when
you attend a dental or dental hygiene
meeting in an area where they are
located. Sometimes meetings will
have an organized offsite excursion
to a manufacturer. In my experience,
these companies are thrilled to have
Publisher & Chairman
Torsten Oemus
t.oemus@dental-tribune.com
Chief Operating Officer
Eric Seid
e.seid@dental-tribune.com
Group Editor & Designer
Robin Goodman
r.goodman@dental-tribune.com
Editor in Chief Hygiene Tribune
Angie Stone, RDH, BS
a.stone@dental-tribune.com
Managing Editor/Designer
Implant, Endo & Lab Tribunes
Sierra Rendon
s.rendon@dental-tribune.com
their customers take an interest in
them and welcome them with open
arms and great hospitality.
If students from Japan are coming
to the United States to tour our manufacturers, I think the exercise must be
valuable.
I welcome any feedback about
company tours you have taken in the
past or hope to do in the future.
Best Regards,
Managing Editor/Designer
Ortho Tribune & Show Dailies
Kristine Colker
k.colker@dental-tribune.com
Online Editor
Fred Michmershuizen
f.michmershuizen@dental-tribune.
com
Account Manager
Mark Eisen
m.eisen@dental-tribune.com
Marketing Manager
Anna Wlodarczyk
a.wlodarczyk@dental-tribune.com
Sales & Marketing Assistant
Lorrie Young
l.young@dental-tribune.com
Angie Stone, RDH, BS
AD
f HT page 1D
be to connect school nurses with
dentists who are doctors of oral
health.
“The ADA looks forward to collaborating with school nurses to
help children and their parents
understand that oral health is an
important part of overall health,”
says Raymond F. Gist, DDS, president of the ADA.
“Working together in communities across the nation, school nurses
and dentists can help raise awareness about the need for good oral
hygiene, good nutrition and regular
dental visits in order to prevent
dental disease.”
The NASN is a non-profit specialty nursing organization, organized
in 1968 and incorporated in 1977,
representing school nurses exclusively. The NASN has more than
15,000 members and 51 affiliates,
including the District of Columbia
and overseas. The mission of the
NASN is to improve the health and
educational success of children and
youth by developing and providing
leadership to advance the school
nursing practice.
The DentaQuest Foundation is
committed to optimal oral health
for all Americans through its support of prevention and access to
affordable care, and through its
partnerships with funders, policymakers and community leaders. HT
(Source: American Dental
Association)
C.E. Manager
Julia E. Wehkamp
j.wehkamp@dental-tribune.com
C.E. International Sales Manager
Christiane Ferret
c.ferret@dtstudyclub.com
Dental Tribune America, LLC
116 West 23rd Street, Suite 500
New York, NY 10011
Tel.: (212) 244-7181
Fax: (212) 244-7185
Published by Dental Tribune America
© 2011 Dental Tribune America, LLC
All rights reserved.
Hygiene Tribune strives to maintain
utmost accuracy in its news and clinical
reports. If you find a factual error or
content that requires clarification, please
contact Group Editor Robin Goodman at
r.goodman@dental-tribune.com.
Hygiene Tribune cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of product
claims or for typographical errors.
The publisher also does not assume
responsibility for product names or
statements made by advertisers. Opinions
expressed by authors are their own and
may not reflect those of Dental Tribune
America.
Tell us what you think!
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to process.
[3] =>
f HT page 1D
Around 1780, the first modern
toothbrush was made by William
Addis of Clerkenald, England. Legend has it that the idea actually came
to Addis while in prison. Boredom
proved to be the motive for Addis to
take a bone left behind from his dinner, and bristles that he borrowed
from a guard, and combine them to
create a tool to clean his teeth.
This alternative was far superior to a dirty cloth with soot and
salt. After his release, William Addis
became the first person to mass-produce toothbrushes. The Addis version of the toothbrush used cow tail
hair drilled and tied onto cow bones.
During World War I, the growing
need for soup bone became more
important than the need for brush
handles. This sparked the birth of
Celluloid handles that were made
by injecting plastic into molds and
cooling them in a given shape. Celluloid handles soon became the No.
1 choice for toothbrush handles.
Animal hair bristles continued to
be used until 1937, when Wallace
H. Carothers created nylon in the
Du Pont laboratories. This invention
forever changed the history of the
toothbrush. In 1938, nylon became
one of the first signs of modernization, from the creation of nylon
stockings to Dr. West’s Miracle-Tuft
Toothbrush, the first nylon toothbrush.
Nylon filament seemed to be the
natural choice for replacing animal hair bristles with its countless
advantages, including lower production costs and the ability to control bristle texture. Manufacturers
found they could also shape the
filament tip and vary its diameter for
improved performance.
Several disadvantages to boar
hair were that it often fell out, did
not dry well and was prone to bacterial growth. Although nylon continues to dominate the market today,
boar hair bristle still account for
about 10 percent of toothbrushes
sold worldwide.
After World War II, Americans
began to become more concerned
about oral hygiene. Brushing teeth
regularly became popular in the
United States after soldiers returned
home and brought with them their
strict habits of brushing their teeth.
This influence spurred the development of more advanced toothbrushes and helped bring oral
hygiene into the mainstream.
Today, more than 3,000 toothbrush patents exist worldwide. The
brands, styles and colors of toothbrushes are virtually endless.
Manufactures now offer toothbrushes customized to a patient’s
personal needs. Bristle design and
texture as well as the size of the
brush head are just a few of the
variables available for manual
toothbrushes, not to mention electric ones, that patients may choose
among.
Over the centuries, the toothbrush
has seen many changes in designs
and materials used. Now the toothbrush is a scientific instrument,
which comes in diverse colors,
shapes and sizes. It’s a tool with
modern ergonomic designs and safe
hygienic materials. The toothbrush
has stood the test of time, thus earning the title of being the cornerstone
of proper oral hygiene. HT
References
1. History of Dentistry and Dental Care by Mary Bellis; www.
inventors.about.com/od/
dstartinventions/a/dentistry_2.
htm.
2. How Products Are Made: Toothbrush; www.enotes.com/howproducts-encyclopedia/toothbrush
3. Evolution and Analysis of the
Toothbrush by Kyle W. Sembera; www.asme.org/NewsPublic
Policy/Newsletters/METoday/Articles/Evolution_Analysis_Toothbrush.cfm.
4. Article Alley: Evolution of
the Toothbrush by Aditya
Vekateswara, Nov. 15, 2006;
www.articlealley.com/article_98797_17.html.
5. Parenting Toddlers: Toothbrush
History; www.parentingtoddlers.
com/toothbrush-history.html.
6. Evolution of the Toothbrush;
3D
The truly ‘green’
toothbrush
Some 7,000 years ago, the Babylonians created their
own toothbrushes out of Salvador persica, commonly
called “miswak.” Miswak sticks were also used by the
ancient Egyptians and Muslims, and during the Greek
and Roman empires. Certain parts of Africa, Asia, the
Middle East and South America still use miswak sticks
today.
The reason its use persists in this modern era
relates to the fact that it is not only for oral hygiene,
but has a social and religious significance in some
cultures.
Miswak sticks contain two times the amount of
fluorine that is found in toothpaste, as well as silicon,
vitamin C, salvadorine and trimethylamine. Minerals
include potassium, sodium, chloride, sodium bicarbonate and calcium oxides.
In addition, the bark itself contains an antibiotic that suppresses bacterial growth and plaque formation. Resins and mild abrasives reduce
stains from coffee, tea and tobacco while the twig shape massages gums
and can access those hard to reach places in the mouth.
If you are game to try if yourself, they are rather inexpensive and can
be found at a number of sellers online. At www.miswakstick.com you
can also read some of the research papers referenced on the site.
How do you use a miswak stick?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remove the stick from the package and trim or chew the ½ inch of
bark off one end of the stick.
Chew on the exposed end until the twig forms bristles.
Brush as usual. No toothpaste required.
When bristles look like an old broom —every few days — cut off the
exposed bristles, peel the bark away and start anew.
www.gargles.net/evolution-of-thetoothbrush.
7. The History of Toothpaste, Toothbrush and Floss; www.toothbrushexpress.com/html/toothbrush_
history.html.
8. Tooth Care: From Egyptians to
Buddha and Beyond: Evolution of
the Toothbrush and Centuries by
Rosemary E. Bachelor, Dec. 30,
2008; www.suite101.com/content/
tooth-care-from-egyptians-tobuddha-and-beyond-a87149
9. Elvin-Lewis, Memory and Walter
H. Lewis. The use of Nature’s
toothbrush: the chewing stick.
Research Reports: National Geographic Society, v.16, 1975: 211–
231.
Contact info
Emily Sutter
24641 Irish Lane
Cleveland, Minn. 56017
sutt0079@yahoo.com
AD
(Photo/Provided by flowersinisrael.com)
Clinical
Hygiene Tribune | March 2011
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